Which surface listed is exempt from bonding requirements in hydromassage bathtubs?

In the context of hydromassage bathtubs, the bonding requirements outlined in Article 680 of the National Electrical Code are intended to ensure safety by preventing electric shock hazards. Among the surfaces typically found in these environments, non-conductive materials such as plastic or composites do not pose the same electrical risks as metal components.

Metal frames, as mentioned in the answer option, are indeed conductive and would typically require bonding to ensure any potential electrical fault current is safely carried away. However, they can be exempted from specific bonding requirements if they do not come into direct contact with conductive parts of the electrical system or if they are not exposed to potential electrical hazards. This exemption is designed to balance safety with practical installation considerations.

In contrast, features like plastic fittings, grounded electrical receptacles, and non-conductive towel bars do not carry the same risk. The nature of plastic does not conduct electricity, which means there is no need for bonding when it comes to these items. Grounded electrical receptacles are designed specifically to provide a path back to ground in the event of a fault, so they are not exempt from bonding requirements. Therefore, it is important to understand that the exemption is relevant primarily to metal components that may not pose a significant electrical